Expert-level compiler design covering lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate representations, optimization passes, and code generation.
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Tokens: atomic units — keywords, identifiers, literals, operators. Regular expressions: define token patterns. Finite automata: DFA and NFA implement lexers. Lexer generators: Lex, Flex, ANTLR — generate lexer from token rules.
Context-free grammars: productions defining language syntax. Top-down: recursive descent, LL parsers — predictive, left-to-right. Bottom-up: LR parsers — shift-reduce, more powerful, handles more grammars. Parser generators: Yacc, Bison, ANTLR — generate parser from grammar. Parse tree vs AST: AST removes redundant nodes, better for analysis.
Type checking: static vs dynamic typing, type inference. Symbol table: scope management, variable binding, type lookup. Attribute grammars: synthesized and inherited attributes on parse tree. Name resolution: binding identifiers to declarations.
Three-address code: at most three operands per instruction. SSA form: single static assignment, each variable defined exactly once. LLVM IR: typed, SSA-based, platform-independent, widely used. Control flow graph: basic blocks connected by edges.
Constant folding: evaluate constant expressions at compile time. Dead code elimination: remove unreachable or unused code. Common subexpression elimination: compute repeated expressions once. Loop optimizations: unrolling, invariant code motion, vectorization. Inlining: replace function call with function body.
Instruction selection: map IR to target instructions. Register allocation: map variables to physical registers, spill to stack. Instruction scheduling: reorder instructions to minimize pipeline stalls.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Shift-reduce conflicts | Refactor grammar or use precedence declarations |
| Missing phi nodes in SSA | Compute dominance frontiers correctly |
| Unsafe optimizations | Prove correctness of each transformation |
| Register spill storm | Improve register allocator or reduce register pressure |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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