Expert-level computer networks covering OSI model, TCP/IP stack, routing protocols, transport layer, application protocols, network security, and software-defined networking.
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OSI 7 layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application. TCP/IP 4 layers: network access, internet, transport, application. Encapsulation: each layer adds header wrapping data from layer above.
IP addressing: IPv4 32-bit, IPv6 128-bit, CIDR notation, subnetting. Routing: distance vector (RIP, Bellman-Ford), link state (OSPF, Dijkstra), BGP path vector. NAT: network address translation, maps private to public addresses. ARP: maps IP address to MAC address on local network.
TCP: connection-oriented, reliable, ordered, flow control, congestion control. TCP 3-way handshake: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK. TCP congestion control: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, CUBIC. UDP: connectionless, unreliable, low overhead, for latency-sensitive applications. QUIC: UDP-based, 0-RTT, multiplexed streams, used by HTTP/3.
HTTP/1.1: persistent connections, pipelining, text-based. HTTP/2: binary, multiplexed, header compression, server push. HTTP/3: QUIC-based, eliminates head-of-line blocking. DNS: hierarchical, recursive and iterative resolution, TTL, caching. TLS: record protocol, handshake, certificates, symmetric encryption.
Firewalls: stateless packet filter, stateful inspection, application layer gateway. DDoS: volumetric, protocol, application layer attacks, mitigation strategies. VPN: IPSec tunnel mode, SSL/TLS VPN, WireGuard. Zero trust: never trust always verify, microsegmentation, identity-based access.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Confusing latency and bandwidth | Latency is delay, bandwidth is capacity |
| Ignoring TCP buffers in throughput | Buffer size limits throughput on high-latency links |
| DNS TTL too short or long | Balance freshness vs DNS load |
| Not handling partial TCP reads | Always loop until full message received |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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