Expert-level electronics covering diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, amplifier design, operational amplifiers, feedback, and analog circuit design.
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p-n junction diode: exponential IV curve, forward bias conducts, reverse blocks. Zener diode: operates in reverse breakdown, voltage regulator. BJT: bipolar junction transistor, current-controlled, NPN and PNP types. MOSFET: voltage-controlled, N-channel and P-channel, dominant in digital and analog. Small signal model: linearized model around operating point for AC analysis.
Common emitter: high voltage gain, inverts signal, medium input and output impedance. Common source: MOSFET equivalent of CE, high voltage gain, very high input impedance. Common collector: emitter follower, voltage gain near one, high input low output impedance. Differential amplifier: amplifies difference, rejects common mode, used in op-amps. Bias design: set operating point stable against temperature and device variation.
Ideal op-amp: infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance. Inverting amplifier: gain equals negative Rf over Rin. Non-inverting amplifier: gain equals 1 plus Rf over Rin. Integrator: output is integral of input, capacitor in feedback. Comparator: output saturates based on which input is larger.
Negative feedback: reduces gain, improves bandwidth, reduces distortion. Gain-bandwidth product: constant for op-amp with feedback. Stability: phase margin and gain margin determine stability of feedback loop. Compensation: add capacitor to improve phase margin of op-amp circuits.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Wrong MOSFET region of operation | Check Vgs and Vds to determine saturation vs triode |
| Ignoring base current in BJT circuits | Include beta in bias calculations |
| Op-amp output hitting rails | Check output swing limits against signal requirements |
| Oscillation in high-gain amplifier | Check phase margin and add compensation if needed |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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