Expert-level embedded systems covering microcontrollers, RTOS, peripheral interfaces, low-power design, bare-metal programming, and embedded Linux.
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Architecture: CPU core, flash, RAM, peripherals integrated on one chip. ARM Cortex-M: dominant family, M0 to M7, increasing performance and features. Memory map: code, SRAM, peripherals mapped to address space. Interrupts: NVIC handles priorities, ISR must be short and non-blocking. Startup code: initialize stack, copy data to RAM, zero BSS, call main.
GPIO: general purpose IO, configure as input or output, pull-up or pull-down. UART: serial communication, baud rate, start and stop bits, parity. SPI: synchronous serial, four wires, master-slave, high speed. I2C: two-wire serial, multi-device on same bus, 7-bit addressing. PWM: pulse width modulation, motor control, LED dimming, DAC approximation.
Task: independent thread of execution, priority, stack size. Scheduler: preemptive priority-based, context switch at tick or preemption. Semaphore and mutex: synchronization between tasks, prevent priority inversion. Queue: inter-task communication, FIFO data passing. FreeRTOS: most popular open source RTOS, widely supported.
Sleep modes: stop, standby, hibernate trade wake time for power savings. Clock gating: disable peripheral clocks when not in use. Voltage scaling: reduce core voltage at lower frequencies. Wake sources: RTC, GPIO interrupt, watchdog timer to exit low power mode.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Stack overflow | Size stack carefully, use RTOS stack monitoring |
| Race condition on shared data | Use mutex or disable interrupts around critical section |
| Floating point in ISR | Avoid FPU in ISR or save and restore FPU state |
| Blocking in ISR | Set flag in ISR, process in task or main loop |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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