Expert-level immunology covering innate and adaptive immunity, antibody structure and function, T cell biology, immune evasion, vaccines, autoimmunity, and immunotherapy.
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Physical barriers: skin, mucosa, cilia, antimicrobial peptides. Pattern recognition: PRRs (TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, CLRs) detecting PAMPs and DAMPs. Innate cells: neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells. Complement system: classical, lectin, alternative pathways — C3, C5, MAC. Inflammation: cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF), chemokines, acute phase response.
Lymphocyte development: B cells (bone marrow), T cells (thymus). Antigen presentation: MHC-I (CD8+ T cells), MHC-II (CD4+ T cells). Clonal selection: antigen-specific receptor triggers proliferation and differentiation. Immunological memory: long-lived plasma cells, memory T cells.
Structure: two heavy chains, two light chains, Fab (antigen binding), Fc (effector). Isotypes: IgM (first response), IgG (main serum), IgA (mucosal), IgE (allergy). Affinity maturation: somatic hypermutation in germinal centers. Class switching: same variable region with different constant region. Effector functions: neutralization, opsonization, ADCC, CDC.
CD4+ helper: Th1 (cellular), Th2 (humoral), Th17 (mucosal), Treg (suppression). CD8+ cytotoxic: perforin/granzyme, Fas-FasL killing of infected cells. TCR signaling: CD3 complex, ZAP-70, LAT, PLC-gamma — calcium, MAPK, NF-kB. Checkpoints: PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3 — prevent autoimmunity, exploited by tumors.
Vaccine types: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA, viral vector. Adjuvants: alum, MF59, AS01 — enhance innate activation and APC maturation. Checkpoint inhibitors: anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 — reinvigorate exhausted T cells. CAR-T cells: engineered T cells with chimeric antigen receptor for cancer.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Conflating innate and adaptive timelines | Innate: minutes-hours, Adaptive: days-weeks |
| Ignoring Treg suppression | Always check Treg compartment in autoimmunity studies |
| Assuming mouse data translates to human | Many cytokine functions differ between species |
| Overlooking non-classical MHC | NKT cells, MAIT cells use non-classical presentation |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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