Expert-level metals engineering covering crystal structure, phase diagrams, strengthening mechanisms, steel metallurgy, aluminum alloys, and failure analysis.
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BCC: body centered cubic, iron at room temperature, less close-packed. FCC: face centered cubic, aluminum, copper, austenitic steel, more ductile. HCP: hexagonal close packed, titanium, magnesium, limited slip systems. Dislocations: line defects that allow plastic deformation at low stress. Grain boundaries: planar defects, strengthen by impeding dislocation motion.
Iron-carbon: fundamental for steel design, austenite, ferrite, cementite regions. Eutectic: composition with lowest melting point, simultaneous solidification. Eutectoid: solid state transformation at 0.77 wt% C in iron-carbon system. Lever rule: phase fraction from composition and tie line intersection.
Solid solution: solute atoms distort lattice, impede dislocations. Precipitation hardening: fine precipitates block dislocation motion. Work hardening: plastic deformation increases dislocation density. Grain refinement: smaller grains increase yield strength via Hall-Petch. Hall-Petch: sigma_y = sigma_0 + k over sqrt d, d is grain diameter.
Heat treatment: anneal, normalize, quench and temper, case hardening. Martensite: hard metastable phase from rapid quench of austenite. TTT diagram: time-temperature-transformation, guides heat treatment design. Hardenability: ability to form martensite throughout section, Jominy test. Stainless steel: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex types.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen embrittlement in high strength steel | Avoid acid cleaning, bake after plating |
| Sensitization in austenitic stainless | Use low carbon grade or stabilized grade near welds |
| Wrong alloy for corrosive environment | Select alloy based on actual service conditions |
| Overheating during welding | Control heat input and use proper filler metal |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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