Expert-level neuroscience covering neuronal physiology, synaptic transmission, brain regions and circuits, neuroplasticity, neurodegenerative diseases, and computational neuroscience.
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Resting membrane potential: -70mV, maintained by ion pumps and channels. Action potential: depolarization (Na+ in), repolarization (K+ out), refractory period. Myelination: saltatory conduction speeds signal propagation. Passive spread: cable properties, length constant, time constant.
Chemical synapses: vesicle release, receptor binding, postsynaptic potential. Electrical synapses: gap junctions, fast bidirectional coupling. Neurotransmitters: glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine. Receptor types: ionotropic (fast), metabotropic (slow, GPCR-coupled). Synaptic plasticity: LTP, LTD, STDP — cellular basis of learning and memory.
Cortex: sensory, motor, association areas, columnar organization. Hippocampus: episodic memory, spatial navigation, pattern separation. Basal ganglia: reward, motor control, habit formation. Cerebellum: motor coordination, timing, procedural learning. Amygdala: fear, emotion, emotional memory. Prefrontal cortex: executive function, working memory, decision making.
Hebbian plasticity: neurons that fire together wire together. Long-term potentiation: NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor insertion, spine growth. Adult neurogenesis: hippocampal dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb. Critical periods: windows of heightened plasticity during development.
Alzheimers: amyloid plaques, tau tangles, cholinergic deficit. Parkinsons: dopaminergic neuron loss, Lewy bodies, motor symptoms. ALS: motor neuron degeneration, TDP-43, SOD1 mutations. Huntingtons: CAG repeat expansion, striatal degeneration.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Oversimplifying neurotransmitter roles | Most transmitters have multiple receptor subtypes with different effects |
| Ignoring neuromodulation | Dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine modulate circuits globally |
| Confusing LTP with memory | LTP is a cellular mechanism, not memory itself |
| Species differences | Rodent circuits differ significantly from primate |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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