Expert-level physiology covering organ system function, homeostasis, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, endocrinology, and integrative physiology.
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Negative feedback: response opposes perturbation — thermoregulation, blood glucose. Positive feedback: response amplifies stimulus — parturition, blood clotting. Set point: target value maintained by control system. Effectors: organs/tissues that implement corrective response.
Cardiac cycle: systole, diastole, pressure-volume relationships. Cardiac output: CO = HR x SV. Starling law: SV increases with preload. Blood pressure: BP = CO x TPR. Autoregulation of blood flow. Electrocardiogram: P wave (atrial), QRS (ventricular), T wave (repolarization). Frank-Starling mechanism: greater stretch -> greater force of contraction.
Mechanics: compliance, resistance, work of breathing, spirometry values. Gas exchange: Fick principle, alveolar gas equation, V/Q matching. Hemoglobin: oxygen dissociation curve, Bohr effect, 2,3-BPG. Control of breathing: chemoreceptors (central CO2, peripheral O2), Hering-Breuer reflex.
Nephron function: filtration (GFR ~120 mL/min), reabsorption, secretion. Sodium balance: proximal tubule (67%), loop of Henle, distal/collecting duct (aldosterone). Acid-base: bicarbonate buffer, renal compensation, Henderson-Hasselbalch. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: blood pressure and volume regulation.
Hormone classes: peptides (fast, membrane receptors), steroids (slow, nuclear receptors). Feedback axes: hypothalamus -> pituitary -> target gland -> feedback. Key axes: HPA (stress), HPT (thyroid), HPG (reproductive). Insulin/glucagon: glucose homeostasis, anabolic vs catabolic balance. Stress response: catecholamines (fast), cortisol (slow) — fight or flight.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Ignoring compensation in acid-base | Always identify both primary disorder and compensation |
| Confusing preload and afterload | Preload is filling pressure, afterload is resistance to ejection |
| Forgetting Bohr effect in O2 transport | Acidosis shifts O2 curve right, reducing affinity |
| Oversimplifying hormone feedback | Many axes have ultra-short, short, and long feedback loops |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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