Expert-level VLSI design covering CMOS logic, custom layout, standard cell design, physical design flow, DRC, LVS, and advanced process nodes.
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NMOS: n-channel MOSFET, conducts when gate voltage high. PMOS: p-channel MOSFET, conducts when gate voltage low. CMOS inverter: PMOS pull-up, NMOS pull-down, low static power. CMOS gate: pull-up network PMOS, pull-down network NMOS, dual networks. Propagation delay: function of load capacitance and drive strength.
Design rules: minimum widths, spacings, enclosures for each layer. Poly, diffusion, metal layers: stack of conducting and insulating layers. Transistor layout: gate poly crosses active diffusion, contacts on source and drain. Matching: common centroid layout for differential pairs and current mirrors. Parasitic extraction: RC parasitics from layout affect circuit performance.
Floorplanning: partition design into blocks, place macro cells and I/O. Placement: position standard cells to minimize wire length and meet timing. Clock tree synthesis: distribute clock with balanced skew and minimal jitter. Routing: connect cells with metal wires respecting design rules. Sign-off: DRC, LVS, ERC, timing closure, power analysis.
FinFET: 3D transistor, multiple gates, better electrostatic control below 20nm. GAA: gate all around, nanosheets wrap gate completely, used at 3nm and below. Low-k dielectric: reduce parasitic capacitance between metal layers. Multi-patterning: achieve sub-wavelength features using multiple lithography passes.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Antenna violations | Add antenna diodes or break metal routes |
| Electromigration violations | Widen critical current-carrying metals |
| Poor matching from mismatch | Use common centroid and dummy structures |
| Clock skew causing timing violations | Rebalance clock tree or adjust placement |
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Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
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Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
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Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
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Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
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Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
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Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
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