Helps plan and implement database structure changes and data transformations using Sequelize, TypeORM, or Prisma. Includes staged changes intended to avoid downtime, plus transaction and backup examples for rolling back failed migrations.
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Execute database migrations across ORMs and platforms with zero-downtime strategies, data transformation, and rollback procedures. Use when migrating databases, changing schemas, performing data transformations, or implementing zero-downtime deployment strategies.
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Master database schema and data migrations across ORMs (Sequelize, TypeORM, Prisma), including rollback strategies and zero-downtime deployments.
// migrations/20231201-create-users.js
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.createTable("users", {
id: {
type: Sequelize.INTEGER,
primaryKey: true,
autoIncrement: true,
},
email: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
unique: true,
allowNull: false,
},
createdAt: Sequelize.DATE,
updatedAt: Sequelize.DATE,
});
},
down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.dropTable("users");
},
};
// Run: npx sequelize-cli db:migrate
// Rollback: npx sequelize-cli db:migrate:undo
// migrations/1701234567-CreateUsers.ts
import { MigrationInterface, QueryRunner, Table } from "typeorm";
export class CreateUsers1701234567 implements MigrationInterface {
public async up(queryRunner: QueryRunner): Promise<void> {
await queryRunner.createTable(
new Table({
name: "users",
columns: [
{
name: "id",
type: "int",
isPrimary: true,
isGenerated: true,
generationStrategy: "increment",
},
{
name: "email",
type: "varchar",
isUnique: true,
},
{
name: "created_at",
type: "timestamp",
default: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
},
],
}),
);
}
public async down(queryRunner: QueryRunner): Promise<void> {
await queryRunner.dropTable("users");
}
}
// Run: npm run typeorm migration:run
// Rollback: npm run typeorm migration:revert
// schema.prisma
model User {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
email String @unique
createdAt DateTime @default(now())
}
// Generate migration: npx prisma migrate dev --name create_users
// Apply: npx prisma migrate deploy
// Safe migration: add column with default
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "status", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
defaultValue: "active",
allowNull: false,
});
},
down: async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "status");
},
};
// Step 1: Add new column
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "full_name", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
});
// Copy data from old column
await queryInterface.sequelize.query("UPDATE users SET full_name = name");
},
down: async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "full_name");
},
};
// Step 2: Update application to use new column
// Step 3: Remove old column
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "name");
},
down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "name", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
});
},
};
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
// For large tables, use multi-step approach
// 1. Add new column
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "age_new", {
type: Sequelize.INTEGER,
});
// 2. Copy and transform data
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(`
UPDATE users
SET age_new = CAST(age AS INTEGER)
WHERE age IS NOT NULL
`);
// 3. Drop old column
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "age");
// 4. Rename new column
await queryInterface.renameColumn("users", "age_new", "age");
},
down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.changeColumn("users", "age", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
});
},
};
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
// Get all records
const [users] = await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
"SELECT id, address_string FROM users",
);
// Transform each record
for (const user of users) {
const addressParts = user.address_string.split(",");
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
`UPDATE users
SET street = :street,
city = :city,
state = :state
WHERE id = :id`,
{
replacements: {
id: user.id,
street: addressParts[0]?.trim(),
city: addressParts[1]?.trim(),
state: addressParts[2]?.trim(),
},
},
);
}
// Drop old column
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "address_string");
},
down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
// Reconstruct original column
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "address_string", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
});
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(`
UPDATE users
SET address_string = CONCAT(street, ', ', city, ', ', state)
`);
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "street");
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "city");
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "state");
},
};
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
const transaction = await queryInterface.sequelize.transaction();
try {
await queryInterface.addColumn(
"users",
"verified",
{ type: Sequelize.BOOLEAN, defaultValue: false },
{ transaction },
);
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
"UPDATE users SET verified = true WHERE email_verified_at IS NOT NULL",
{ transaction },
);
await transaction.commit();
} catch (error) {
await transaction.rollback();
throw error;
}
},
down: async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "verified");
},
};
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
// Create backup table
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
"CREATE TABLE users_backup AS SELECT * FROM users",
);
try {
// Perform migration
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "new_field", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
});
// Verify migration
const [result] = await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users WHERE new_field IS NULL",
);
if (result[0].count > 0) {
throw new Error("Migration verification failed");
}
// Drop backup
await queryInterface.dropTable("users_backup");
} catch (error) {
// Restore from backup
await queryInterface.sequelize.query("DROP TABLE users");
await queryInterface.sequelize.query(
"CREATE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM users_backup",
);
await queryInterface.dropTable("users_backup");
throw error;
}
},
};
More detailed templates and worked examples live in references/details.md. Read that file for the full pattern library.
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