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概要と使いどころ
This skill recommends follow-up morning cortisol and/or ACTH stimulation tests or insulin-induced hypoglycemia to assess HPA axis recovery in postoperative Cushing's syndrome patients with at least one intact adrenal gland. Triggers include postoperative remission (morning cortisol <5 µg/dL or UFC <28–56 nmol/d) and the need to evaluate HPA recovery before glucocorticoid discontinuation.
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This skill recommends bilateral adrenalectomy for patients with Cushing's syndrome when bilateral adrenal pathology is confirmed as the source of hypercortisolism. Clinical triggers include bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH), bilateral adrenal adenomas, or bilateral adrenal carcinoma identified by imaging.
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Recommends steroidogenesis inhibitors as second-line treatment after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) in Cushing's disease, as primary therapy for occult or metastatic ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS), and as adjunctive cortisol reduction in adrenocortical carcinoma. Use when evaluating CS patients post‑TSS, with occult/metastatic EAS, or ACC; triggers include “persistent hypercortisolism after TSS,” “occult EAS,” and “adjunctive for ACC.”
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This skill suggests radiation therapy or radiosurgery for adult patients with Cushing's disease who have failed transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) or have recurrent disease after initial remission. Consider when postoperative urinary free cortisol or late-night salivary cortisol remains elevated, or when clinical recurrence is suspected.
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This skill defines the treatment goals for patients with overt Cushing's syndrome, focusing on normalizing cortisol levels or action to eliminate symptoms and treat comorbidities. Use when a clinician asks about treatment objectives for a newly diagnosed overt Cushing's syndrome patient; triggers include "overt CS," "treatment goals for overt Cushing's," and "normalize cortisol in overt CS."
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Suggests repeat transsphenoidal surgery for patients with persistent hypercortisolism after initial transsphenoidal surgery when imaging shows evidence of incomplete resection or a pituitary lesion. Clinical triggers include postoperative MRI revealing residual adenoma, persistent elevated UFC or late-night salivary cortisol, and visible pituitary lesion on imaging.
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Identifies patients with adrenal tumors on CT who should undergo dexamethasone suppression test to evaluate for autonomous cortisol co-secretion. Triggers include when a clinician finds an adrenal tumor on CT and asks 'Should I test for cortisol co-secretion?' or is planning AVS for a tumor >3.0 cm.
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Suggests using prednisolone 3–5 mg/d orally once or twice daily as a glucocorticoid alternative in primary adrenal insufficiency. Consider this option when evaluating glucocorticoid therapy, particularly in patients with reduced medication compliance.
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Helps distinguish unilateral from bilateral adrenal disease based on 18-oxocortisol levels, which are typically higher in aldosterone-producing adenoma than idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia. Use when evaluating 18-oxocortisol results during PA workup to guide subtype classification after a positive ARR.
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Recommends initiating glucocorticoid therapy in all patients with confirmed primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). Use when PAI diagnosis is confirmed by subnormal cortisol response to ACTH stimulation test or elevated ACTH with low cortisol.
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Recommends fludrocortisone 100 µg daily for children with primary adrenal insufficiency and confirmed aldosterone deficiency; for infants under 12 months, adds sodium chloride supplementation. Triggered by PAI with aldosterone deficiency, evidenced by salt craving, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or elevated renin with low aldosterone.
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Determines unilateral vs bilateral aldosterone excess based on cortisol-corrected aldosterone ratios from adrenal venous sampling, with ratio >4:1 indicating unilateral excess, ratio 3:1 suggestive of bilateral hypersecretion, and interpretation dependent on cosyntropin stimulation protocol used during sampling. Use when analyzing AVS results to guide surgical vs medical treatment decisions; triggers include 'AVS lateralization ratio', 'cosyntropin-stimulated AVS', 'aldosterone-to-cortisol ratio >4:1', and 'ratio 3:1 suggestive of bilateral disease'.
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Recommends initiating fludrocortisone 50–100 µg daily for mineralocorticoid replacement in adults with confirmed aldosterone deficiency (e.g., low aldosterone, elevated renin) and no salt restriction. Use when aldosterone deficiency is confirmed in a patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) presenting with salt craving or postural hypotension.
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Suggests using morning cortisol ≤140 nmol/L (5 µg/dL) in combination with ACTH as a preliminary test suggestive of primary adrenal insufficiency when a corticotropin stimulation test is not feasible. Use when patients present with indicative symptoms such as hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or fatigue and corticotropin stimulation testing cannot be performed.
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This skill outlines the emergency management of suspected adrenal crisis, recommending immediate parenteral hydrocortisone (100 mg adult, 50 mg/m² pediatric) plus fluid resuscitation, then 200 mg/24 h (50–100 mg/m²/24 h pediatric) hydrocortisone. Trigger when patient presents with hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or unexplained shock suggestive of adrenal insufficiency.
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Recommends measurement of plasma ACTH to establish primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) diagnosis in patients with confirmed cortisol deficiency; a plasma ACTH concentration ≥2-fold the upper limit of the reference range supports PAI. Use when evaluating plasma ACTH in a patient with low morning cortisol or abnormal corticotropin stimulation test.
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Decide when to order coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring in a primary-prevention patient and interpret the result per the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline. Covers the Class 1 indication (men ≥40 / women ≥45, borderline / intermediate PREVENT-ASCVD risk, uncertainty about LLT), CAC score interpretation (0, 1–99, 100–299, ≥300, ≥1000), how CAC modifies LDL and non-HDL goals, when to repeat CAC, and pitfalls (incidental CAC on non-cardiac CT, radiation, cost). Use when a clinician asks should I order a CAC score, CAC indications, what does CAC 150 mean, treatment goals with CAC score, repeat CAC frequency, CAC in a smoker, CAC vs CCTA, is CAC useful in intermediate risk. Grounded in the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline.
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This skill suggests using prednisolone as an alternative glucocorticoid when hydrocortisone is unavailable for emergency treatment of adrenal crisis. Dexamethasone is the least-preferred option and should only be administered if no other glucocorticoid is available.
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Recommends against using fludrocortisone for mineralocorticoid replacement in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. Trigger phrases include: considering mineralocorticoid replacement for secondary adrenal insufficiency and secondary adrenal insufficiency patient needing mineralocorticoid replacement.
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Suggests using hydrocortisone 15–25 mg or cortisone acetate 20–35 mg daily in two or three divided oral doses for adult primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) patients initiating glucocorticoid replacement. The highest dose is given upon awakening, with the second dose either early afternoon (≈2 h after lunch) or split into lunch and afternoon doses; consider total daily dose calculation based on chosen formulation and frequency.
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Suggests using longer-acting glucocorticoids when standard hydrocortisone regimens are impractical due to nonavailability, poor adherence, or need for once-daily dosing. Triggers include glucocorticoid replacement therapy decisions where patients report difficulty with multiple daily doses, lack of access to hydrocortisone, or preference for simplified regimens.
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Order and interpret lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] measurement at least once in a lifetime, apply the risk-enhancer threshold (≥125 nmol/L or ≥50 mg/dL), and run cascade screening of first-degree relatives for premature ASCVD, familial hypercholesterolaemia, or elevated Lp(a) per the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline. Covers the Class 1 lifetime measurement, how elevated Lp(a) affects LLT initiation and intensification, the cascade screening indications, the interaction of Lp(a) with ASCVD risk estimation, and current therapeutic limitations. Use when a clinician asks when to check Lp(a), how often to repeat Lp(a), elevated Lp(a) what next, treatment for high Lp(a), should I screen my patient's family, Lp(a) and statins, cascade screening indications. Grounded in the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline.
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Performs corticotropin stimulation test to diagnose adrenal insufficiency when morning cortisol is indeterminate (3-15 µg/dL). Triggers include morning cortisol 3-15 µg/dL requiring further AI testing.
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Work a primary-prevention patient through the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline CPR framework — Calculate (10-year and 30-year PREVENT-ASCVD), Classify (low / borderline / intermediate / high), Personalize (demographic, clinical, biomarker, and reproductive risk enhancers), and Reclassify (coronary artery calcium scoring where appropriate). Use when a clinician asks how to assess ASCVD risk for primary prevention, who needs a statin, borderline risk patient what to do, intermediate risk should I start a statin, risk enhancers to look for, premature family history of ASCVD how does it change risk, pregnancy-related risk factors, PCOS and cardiovascular risk. Grounded in the 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety dyslipidaemia guideline.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。